By Jamie Martin
Winter weather creates challenges for livestock, but many animals are naturally equipped to cope with the cold. As days grow shorter, livestock begin developing winter coats, which trap warm air close to their bodies. Ruminant animals also produce heat as they digest forage, helping them stay warm even on chilly days. As long as they remain dry and have access to enough feed, they can tolerate colder temperatures than most people might expect.
Animals stay most comfortable within their thermoneutral zone, a temperature range where they do not need extra energy to maintain body heat. When temperatures drop below the lower critical temperature, or LCT, their bodies must work harder. For cattle and goats with moderate winter coats, the LCT is about 32°F, and with heavy coats it drops to 18°F. Horses have an LCT around 18°F in winter and about 41°F in summer. A wet coat greatly reduces insulation, raising the LCT to 59°F for most species except sheep. To stay warm, animals usually require 1% more energy for every degree below their LCT.
Some livestock need more support. Horses with clipped coats often require blankets, which must fit properly and be kept dry. Young, old, or thin animals, along with pigs that lack thick coats, need shelters that block wind and plenty of bedding. Pigs often burrow into hay or straw to create their own warm spaces.
Heat lamps can help but also pose fire risks. Only outdoor-rated, well-protected lamps should be used, and they must be secured with clamps and chains—not twine. Barns should have smoke detectors and accessible fire extinguishers.
Providing water is one of the most important winter tasks. Frozen water tanks limit drinking, and very cold water is less appealing to chilled animals. Breaking ice, using tank heaters, and slightly increasing salt intake can encourage better hydration.
By offering proper shelter, dry bedding, safe equipment, and consistent nutrition, farmers can help livestock remain safe and strong throughout winter.
Photo Credit: gettyimages-imaginegolf
Categories: National